edited by Sydney Brenner (Cambridge University) & Kazuro Hanihara (International Institute for Advanced Studies)

This volume examines the origins, micro-evolution, diversification and adaptation of modern humans. It is based upon discrepancies between fossil evidence and molecular findings and between different investigators within each. This has given rise to much controversy that is not yet solved. The papers are presented in four methodological categories: theoretical, molecular, morphological and linguistic.

• Paleontological Evidences against the Constant Rate of Molecular Substitution (T Setoguchi)
• The Challenge of Human Origins: Molecules, Morphology, Morphometrics and Modeling (C Oxnard)
• Molecular Descent and Human Evolution (N Takahata)
• Time Scale for the Mitochondrial DNA Tree of Human Evolution (J Adachi & M Hasegawa)
• The Origins of Human Populations: Genetic, Linguistic, and Archeological Data (M Nei)
• Genetic Diversity and the Origins of the “Mongoloids” (K Omoto)
• Human Genetic Diversity in Europe (A Piazza)
• Analysis of Classical and DNA Markers for Reconstructing Human Population History (A Ruiz-Linares et al.)
• Levels of DNA Polymorphism in Extant and Extinct Hominoids (A S Deinard & K K Kidd)
• Origin of Homo sapiens Inferred from the Age of the Common Ancestral Mitochondrial DNA (S Horai)
• Africa-derived Skulls and Africa-derived Mitochondrial DNA: Towards a Reconciliation (P V Tobias)
• Shifting Continuity: Modern Human Origin (C G Turner II)
• Diregional Model of Human Evolution (H Baba)
• The Continuity of Human Evolution in East Asia (X-Z Wu)
• Language Families as Evidence for Human Dispersals (C Renfrew)