edited by Nils Ringertz (Karolinska Institute, Stockholm)

During the period 1991 – 1995, important areas of physiological/medical research being recognized were ion channels in cells, protein phosphorylation, split genes, G-proteins and genetic control of embryonic development. The following is a list of the Nobel laureates for those years, with a description of the works that won them their prizes:

(1991) E NEHER & B SAKMANN — for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells; (1992) E H FISCHER & E G KREBS — for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism; (1993) R J ROBERTS & P A SHARP — for their discoveries of split genes; (1994) A G GILMAN & M RODBELL — for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells; (1995) E B LEWIS, C NÜSSLEIN-VOLHARD & E F WIESCHAUS — for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development.